Stenkul Fiord was first explored in 1902 by Per Schei, a member of Otto Sverdrup's 2nd Norwegian Polar Expedition. The Greely expedition found fossil forests on Ellesmere Island in the late 1880s. The United States expedition led by Adolphus Greely in 1881 crossed the island from east to west, : 631 establishing Fort Conger in the northern part of the island. Ellesmere Island was named in 1852 by Edward Inglefield's expedition after the English politician Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere, who was President of the Royal Geographical Society from 1853 to 1855. The first European to sight the island after the height of the Little Ice Age was William Baffin in 1616. Unusual structures on Bache Peninsula may be the remains of a late-period Dorset stone longhouse. Vikings from the Greenland colonies reached Ellesmere Island, Skraeling Island, and Ruin Island during hunting expeditions and trading with the Inuit groups. It was the last region in the Canadian High Arctic to be depopulated during the Little Ice Age, attesting to its general economic importance as part of the Smith Sound culture sphere of which it was occasionally a part and sometimes the principal settlement component. Īs was the case for the Dorset (or Paleo-Eskimo) hunters and the pioneering Neo-Eskimos, the post-Ruin Island and Late Thule culture Inuit used the Bache Peninsula region extensively both summer and winter until environmental, ecological, and possibly social circumstances caused the area to be abandoned. The first human inhabitants of Ellesmere Island were small bands drawn to the area for Peary caribou, muskox, and marine mammal hunting about 2000–1000 BCE. Ellesmere Island is administered as part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. There are three settlements: Alert, Eureka, and Grise Fiord. In 2021, the population of Ellesmere Island was recorded at 144. More than one-fifth of the island is protected as Quttinirpaaq National Park. The Arctic Cordillera mountain system covers much of Ellesmere Island, making it the most mountainous in the Arctic Archipelago. Cape Columbia at 83☀6′ is the most northerly point of land in Canada and one of the most northern points of land on the planet (the most northerly point of land on Earth is the nearby Kaffeklubben Island of Greenland). Lying within the Arctic Archipelago, Ellesmere Island is considered part of the Queen Elizabeth Islands. It comprises an area of 196,236 km 2 (75,767 sq mi), slightly smaller than Great Britain, and the total length of the island is 830 km (520 mi). Ellesmere Island ( Inuktitut: Umingmak Nuna, lit.'land of muskoxen' French: île d'Ellesmere) is Canada's northernmost and third largest island, and the tenth largest in the world.
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